Air Pollution
Monday, September 2, 2013
Air pollution, also
known as atmospheric
pollution , is due to human
activity or natural processes cause some substances into the atmosphere,
showing a sufficient concentration to achieve a sufficient time and thus
jeopardize the human comfort, health and welfare or the environment phenomenon.
Air pollution - Overview
Air pollution (or air pollution) refers to a number of
hazards to human health and the surrounding environment of the material to the
atmosphere caused by pollution. These substances may be gaseous,
solid or liquid suspension and the like.
The air we breathe is formed by a variety of chemical substances;
the most common element is nitrogen , followed by the oxygen . Each gas component is not fixed;
there will be a slight change. If a small number of pollutants
in the air, then the impact on humans and the environment will be relatively
minor, but when these pollutants increase to dangerous levels, we can find a
way to eliminate them from the air.
Air pollution can be divided into chemical pollution and biological contamination of two parts. It was also the noise , heat , radiation and light pollution included air
pollution category.
Causes of air pollution in general can be divided into two
kinds of natural and man-made reasons:
• Natural air pollution:
• Volcanic activity
• From the desert areas or lack of vegetation region blowing sand
• toxic gases discharged from the animal, such as cattle in After digestion plant emissions after methane .
• Fires smoke released from
anthropogenic air pollution • usually from burning fuels cause, which may cause a variety of activities from the following:
• a lot of resources are consumed
• Excessive dust caused when livestock or farming arising from the chemical residues
• burning straw , and continuously deforestation
• General industrial activities
• Use internal combustion engine vehicles and aircraft
• pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels
• paint or other volatile solvents
• Aerosols
• smoke
• burning gold paper
• Natural air pollution:
• Volcanic activity
• From the desert areas or lack of vegetation region blowing sand
• toxic gases discharged from the animal, such as cattle in After digestion plant emissions after methane .
• Fires smoke released from
anthropogenic air pollution • usually from burning fuels cause, which may cause a variety of activities from the following:
• a lot of resources are consumed
• Excessive dust caused when livestock or farming arising from the chemical residues
• burning straw , and continuously deforestation
• General industrial activities
• Use internal combustion engine vehicles and aircraft
• pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels
• paint or other volatile solvents
• Aerosols
• smoke
• burning gold paper
Limited to outdoor air pollution, indoor air can be
contaminated, but the contamination mechanism is different, for example, the
overall air pollution caused by smoking is very low, but the most common injury
of the largest indoor air pollution sources. [1]
Air pollutants can be divided into polluted gases and suspended
solids .
Common pollution gases include:
• can be mixed with water rain of acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x );
• chlorofluorocarbons ( English : Chlorofluorocarbons, short: CFC (s)), will destroy the ozone layer , has been disabled.
• Toxic to humans, such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons , etc.
• Troposphere ozone . (Note: In the above the troposphere ozone , if the stratosphere , it does not spread; in the ionosphere , it can block ultraviolet light and other from the sun 's intense radiation , but good for the environment.)
• Photochemical smog . In the atmosphere of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to ultraviolet radiation to form a harmful photochemical smog.
• Suspended particles may constitute the chemicals such as barium , copper , beryllium , mercury , chromium , arsenic and fluoride are suspended particles may constitute chemicals.
Common pollution gases include:
• can be mixed with water rain of acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x );
• chlorofluorocarbons ( English : Chlorofluorocarbons, short: CFC (s)), will destroy the ozone layer , has been disabled.
• Toxic to humans, such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons , etc.
• Troposphere ozone . (Note: In the above the troposphere ozone , if the stratosphere , it does not spread; in the ionosphere , it can block ultraviolet light and other from the sun 's intense radiation , but good for the environment.)
• Photochemical smog . In the atmosphere of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to ultraviolet radiation to form a harmful photochemical smog.
• Suspended particles may constitute the chemicals such as barium , copper , beryllium , mercury , chromium , arsenic and fluoride are suspended particles may constitute chemicals.
Suspended solids particle size is usually distinguished, and
among the RSP can affect human health. Suspended particulate
matter in environmental science , the unspecified suspended solid
particles in the air or droplets, is a major source of air pollution. Among them, the aerodynamic diameter (hereinafter referred to as the
diameter) is less than or equal to 10 micron particles known as particulate
matter (PM 10 ); diameter less than or equal to
2.5 micron particles known as fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ). Particles can remain in the
atmosphere for a long time, and with the breath in the body, to accumulate in the trachea or lungs , the health effects.
These irrespirable suspended particles can be further
subdivided into PM 10 and PM 2.5 into two categories:
• PM 10 (i.e. Diameter less than 10 microns ) particles, such particles cannot
be blocked by the body's defence mechanism, can direct the lungs , it is very dangerous;
• PM 2.5 particles are more dangerous than that of PM10, because its particles are smaller than 2.5 microns can penetrate the alveoli to reach the blood . According to the study, the concentration of PM2.5 per cubic meter for each additional 10 micrograms can cause increased 0.38 percent of total mortality, cardiovascular mortality increased 0.44 percent, a 0.51 percent increase in respiratory mortality. In addition, air pollution on the health effects of different regions in China have some regional differences, the Northwest urban pollution level is relatively high, but the units of the health hazards of pollutant concentration are relatively small, he believes that this may be related to the composition and sources of particulate matter related.
• PM 2.5 particles are more dangerous than that of PM10, because its particles are smaller than 2.5 microns can penetrate the alveoli to reach the blood . According to the study, the concentration of PM2.5 per cubic meter for each additional 10 micrograms can cause increased 0.38 percent of total mortality, cardiovascular mortality increased 0.44 percent, a 0.51 percent increase in respiratory mortality. In addition, air pollution on the health effects of different regions in China have some regional differences, the Northwest urban pollution level is relatively high, but the units of the health hazards of pollutant concentration are relatively small, he believes that this may be related to the composition and sources of particulate matter related.
Dust particle diameter of about 0.1mm more than 50% will be
deposited in the lungs, the body will be more siliceous dust cause permanent
damage, such as cause silicosis .
Incense smoke is a common suspended particles, due to small size (0.001 to 0.1mm in between), diffusion and strong, in still air can almost do not feel, not only immediately visible consequences of pollution, but also can lead to long-term inhalation of lung cancer .
Incense smoke is a common suspended particles, due to small size (0.001 to 0.1mm in between), diffusion and strong, in still air can almost do not feel, not only immediately visible consequences of pollution, but also can lead to long-term inhalation of lung cancer .
Other common suspended particles:
• Silicon (Silicon), aluminium (aluminium), calcium (calcium), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron) (Source: earth crust and construction activities)
• V (Vanadium), Ni (Nickel ) (Source: oil as fuel combustion processes)
• Cd (Cadmium), hydrocarbons (Hydrocarbons) (Source: incineration)
• carbon , lead (Lead), Bromine (Bromine), hydrocarbons (Source: vehicle emissions )
• Na (Sodium), chlorine (Chloride), magnesium , potassium (Potassium) (Source: Bodies)
• nitrate (Nitrate), sulphate (Sulphate), ammonium (Ammonium) (Source: secondary pollution formations)
• Silicon (Silicon), aluminium (aluminium), calcium (calcium), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron) (Source: earth crust and construction activities)
• V (Vanadium), Ni (Nickel ) (Source: oil as fuel combustion processes)
• Cd (Cadmium), hydrocarbons (Hydrocarbons) (Source: incineration)
• carbon , lead (Lead), Bromine (Bromine), hydrocarbons (Source: vehicle emissions )
• Na (Sodium), chlorine (Chloride), magnesium , potassium (Potassium) (Source: Bodies)
• nitrate (Nitrate), sulphate (Sulphate), ammonium (Ammonium) (Source: secondary pollution formations)
Air
pollution can seriously affect human health, ecosystems and society.
• Human Health:
• sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide and other gases and particulates may irritate the respiratory system, eyes, causing discomfort; high concentrations can lead to heart disease and respiratory diseases.
• Carbon monoxide and hemoglobin in the body, forming carboxyl hemoglobin difficult to break down, affecting the blood's ability to carry oxygen.
• Lead affects the nervous system, so that children's mental retardation.
• Nitrogen dioxide in the sun and the air hydrocarbon biochemical role in the formation of troposphere ozone and nitric peroxide B Ke ( photochemical smog 's main ingredient).
• hydrocarbons , especially polycyclic aromatic compounds can cause cancer.
• CFCs damage the ozone layer, leading to more ultraviolet rays reach the ground, increasing the chance of cancer.
• dust in the air so that the frequency of seizures in patients with asthma increased.
• the unborn fetus after birth deformities chance to rise.
• may affect the reproductive system, resulting in human fertility decline.
• World Health Organization estimates that air pollution causes approximately 200 million premature deaths, of which more than half of premature death in developing countries .
• are carcinogenic.
• Ecosystem:
• soot and other particles covering plant leaves, hindering plants absorb sunlight, thus reducing photosynthesis efficiency.
• sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide dissolved in moisture in the air to form acid rain , acid fog, acid snow, or directly soluble in water bodies (lakes, streams), lower soil pH, so that plants and aquatic organisms die.
• Sulfur dioxide can directly kill lichens .
• Global warming
• Ozone depletion
• disrupt the ecosystem
• Social:
• acid rain corrode the metal and marble buildings, statues, destroying outdoor artifacts, works of art.
• Acid rain reduced soil pH, reducing agricultural harvest.
• photochemical smog reduced visibility, the impact on tourism and air traffic danger.
• due to air pollution and disease caused by medical burden of the population.
• reduce the visibility, visitors reduced the economic recession. [2]
• Human Health:
• sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide and other gases and particulates may irritate the respiratory system, eyes, causing discomfort; high concentrations can lead to heart disease and respiratory diseases.
• Carbon monoxide and hemoglobin in the body, forming carboxyl hemoglobin difficult to break down, affecting the blood's ability to carry oxygen.
• Lead affects the nervous system, so that children's mental retardation.
• Nitrogen dioxide in the sun and the air hydrocarbon biochemical role in the formation of troposphere ozone and nitric peroxide B Ke ( photochemical smog 's main ingredient).
• hydrocarbons , especially polycyclic aromatic compounds can cause cancer.
• CFCs damage the ozone layer, leading to more ultraviolet rays reach the ground, increasing the chance of cancer.
• dust in the air so that the frequency of seizures in patients with asthma increased.
• the unborn fetus after birth deformities chance to rise.
• may affect the reproductive system, resulting in human fertility decline.
• World Health Organization estimates that air pollution causes approximately 200 million premature deaths, of which more than half of premature death in developing countries .
• are carcinogenic.
• Ecosystem:
• soot and other particles covering plant leaves, hindering plants absorb sunlight, thus reducing photosynthesis efficiency.
• sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide dissolved in moisture in the air to form acid rain , acid fog, acid snow, or directly soluble in water bodies (lakes, streams), lower soil pH, so that plants and aquatic organisms die.
• Sulfur dioxide can directly kill lichens .
• Global warming
• Ozone depletion
• disrupt the ecosystem
• Social:
• acid rain corrode the metal and marble buildings, statues, destroying outdoor artifacts, works of art.
• Acid rain reduced soil pH, reducing agricultural harvest.
• photochemical smog reduced visibility, the impact on tourism and air traffic danger.
• due to air pollution and disease caused by medical burden of the population.
• reduce the visibility, visitors reduced the economic recession. [2]
China's use of botanical sterilized over 3,000 years of
history, AQ source purification plants using nanotechnology liquid extracted
from plants plant extracts, botanical based medicinal plant air cleaning spray
oil as the main raw material extraction dubbed natural pure liquid purification
plants. The active ingredients of plant extracts can effectively remove
oils more than 99% of natural bacteria, through reasonable compatibility,
effectively destroy bacteria's metabolism, so that bacteria, viruses cleavage
in a short time died. The use of a special kind of
botanical extracts, he can in the air using their own terpenoids small molecule
organic active sesquiterpene Bei ability to attack bacteria in the air,
resulting in bacterial cell death caused by hypoxia. Such a plant with its own odor
left in the air, upon completion of the oxidation process, the smell will
disappear quickly. And unlike other plant oils dying for a long time. Small molecule active ingredient
at the same time terpene aldehydes, benzene, ether surrounded substances
harmful contamination, oxidation, decomposition, removal or rendering harmless,
and increases the available oxygen content in the air, the body's respiratory
system has improved significantly. Quickly decomposition, oxidation
odor, odor molecules, killing caused rot, caused by smelly microbes, botanical
fragrance releasing factor, both to eliminate the odor source, to achieve air
purifying effect.
General use g / m 3 ( micrograms / per cubic meter) as a unit;
also useful for PPM (parts per million, ppm) as a
unit. The
standard measurement for a single general common pollutants such as respirable
suspended particulates, carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.
In different weather, wind direction, wind speed, air
temperature, relative humidity, the measured values obtained are different. On weekends / days, busy /
non-peak hours, air pollution peak time / peacetime, the measured values obtained
Individually difference.
Air Pollution Index (API, Air Pollution Index) is a
numerical expression of the degree of air pollution, and the standards are
different in each country. Its advantages are simple and easy
to remember; but the disadvantage is that abstract vague and too general.
Hong Kong's air pollution index in 20 years have been reviewed,
far behind the World Health Organization 's safety standards. Therefore, Greenpeace has
developed air pollution index truth, truthfully reflect Hong Kong's air
pollution, protect public health.
Chinese mainland government is gradually started releasing
air pollution index [3] . U.S. in Chinese embassies and consulates with the U.S. Federal Reference
Monitoring (FRM 2.5 ) instrument for the air quality
in Beijing and Guangzhou (PM 2.5 and ozone concentration) for
24-hour monitoring and hourly in the twitter API release.
• refuse to buy higher polluting vehicles, if there is no
catalytic converter (catalytic converter) cars (converters can put carbon monoxide , hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide into water, carbon dioxide and
nitrogen), diesel vehicles have a particulate
filter etc. in order to buy the latest environmental design, two-stroke engine motorcycles will need to take
direct injection contamination is low.
• use of unleaded gasoline and ultra low sulfur diesel, avoiding the generation of lead compounds and sulfur dioxide; all signs of the old leaded petrol vehicles, you can use unleaded gasoline, which also need to occasionally add only a few vehicles on behalf of lead agent or Occasional use of leaded gasoline.
• accelerate the elimination of high-polluting vehicles.
• Optional low exhaust polluting vehicles, such as hybrid cars , electric motorcycles .
• Prolonged idling to reduce vehicle emissions.
• drive less, to make use of public transport, walking or cycling .
• Reduce travel by plane.
• Use environmentally friendly batteries.
• burning gold paper gold paper and the use of environmentally friendly green gold furnace, in the metropolitan area it is best to focus on the incinerator burning.
• Do not use incense , old mosquito coils , incense sticks because of incomplete combustion will definitely cause serious air pollution; incense stick can be used instead of water heating oils of high quality (low-quality oils will cause harm), mosquito coils, mosquito coils can be used instead of .
• Avoid using containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) products such as refrigerants and aerosol sprays, hair sprays.
• Avoid hotter weather during the daytime hours refuel gasoline in order to reduce the escape of heat and cylinder petrol vapor.
• Quit smoking, if you cannot quit you use smokeless products (no secondhand smoke harmful tobacco products), such as smokeless tobacco products cannot meet the carefully selected locations (must be in the open air and no smoking place), to avoid second-hand Tobacco influence others.
• Buy less packaged products, due to printing and packaging materials, emit volatile organic compounds .
• use of unleaded gasoline and ultra low sulfur diesel, avoiding the generation of lead compounds and sulfur dioxide; all signs of the old leaded petrol vehicles, you can use unleaded gasoline, which also need to occasionally add only a few vehicles on behalf of lead agent or Occasional use of leaded gasoline.
• accelerate the elimination of high-polluting vehicles.
• Optional low exhaust polluting vehicles, such as hybrid cars , electric motorcycles .
• Prolonged idling to reduce vehicle emissions.
• drive less, to make use of public transport, walking or cycling .
• Reduce travel by plane.
• Use environmentally friendly batteries.
• burning gold paper gold paper and the use of environmentally friendly green gold furnace, in the metropolitan area it is best to focus on the incinerator burning.
• Do not use incense , old mosquito coils , incense sticks because of incomplete combustion will definitely cause serious air pollution; incense stick can be used instead of water heating oils of high quality (low-quality oils will cause harm), mosquito coils, mosquito coils can be used instead of .
• Avoid using containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) products such as refrigerants and aerosol sprays, hair sprays.
• Avoid hotter weather during the daytime hours refuel gasoline in order to reduce the escape of heat and cylinder petrol vapor.
• Quit smoking, if you cannot quit you use smokeless products (no secondhand smoke harmful tobacco products), such as smokeless tobacco products cannot meet the carefully selected locations (must be in the open air and no smoking place), to avoid second-hand Tobacco influence others.
• Buy less packaged products, due to printing and packaging materials, emit volatile organic compounds .
0 comments:
Post a Comment